Parameters Antenna

Parameters of the antenna used to describe a performance antenna. Parameters of the antenna can be related to each other when someone wants to design an antenna, although not all parameters must be considered in depth. Type of antenna parameters include:

1. Radiation Pattern
Radiation pattern is a graphical representation of electricity and magnetic field in the space coordinates. In many cases, the pattern radiation specified in the region and far-field is represented as a function of directional coordinates.
Radiation types:

• Isotropic
Antenna radiation pattern ideal lossless or radiation that direction is the same to all (shaped like a ball). Radiation patterns such as this are usually used as a reference antenna with the unit of measurement dBi.

• Directional
Radiation pattern that is better for a particular direction (for unidirectional and bidirectional one direction to two directions).

• Omnidirectional
The directional radiation pattern, but all the same to the direction (the vertical axis there is no antenna radiation). Radiation pattern is shaped like a sinker. Radiation pattern like this used to broadcast communications.

2. Radiation intensity
Parameters comparison shows that the antenna power by the radiation emanating from an antenna per unit solid angle.

3. Directional
Parameters that indicate the value gain directive on the maximum. In a certain direction, the gain directivity comparison radiation intensity in the direction compared with the intensity radiation antenna references.

4. Gain
Parameters which indicate the ratio of power on the antenna of the antenna with a power reference. Relations between the directivity and gain can be written as follows: G = μD, where the G (Gain), D (Directivity) and μ (the ratio of the intensity of radiation).

5. Antenna efficiency
Consider the efficiency of the antenna total loss that occurs in the input terminals and an antenna inside the structure loss like this can happen because:
• reflection result does not match the transmission channel and antenna.
• Loss conduction and dielectric.

6. Half Power Beam Width (HPBW)
HPBW is the angle between two directions of radiation from half the intensity of the beam maximum value. If converted in dB, the value of HPBW obtained when the power down 3dB.

7. Efficiency beam
This parameter is often used to determine the quality of transmitting and receiving antenna. Efficiency is the ratio of beam power that emanated (received) in the cone angle compared with the power that emanated (accepted) by the antenna.

8. Bandwidth
Bandwidth is the frequency range on both sides of the center frequency (resonance frequency of the dipole antenna), which characteristics of the antenna (impedance input, the radiation pattern, beam width, polarization, the side lobe level, gain, beam direction, the efficiency of radiation) is in the optimal value. Narrow band to this antenna. Meanwhile, for Broadband, the bandwidth is a comparison between the frequency up and down in frequency levels that can be accepted.

9. Polarization
Parameters which indicate that the wave dielectric radiation when the antenna work. When the direction of polarization is not mentioned, polarization in direction is considered the maximum gain. Kind of polarization:

• linear polarization
A wave of Harmonic linear polarization at a point if the electric field (magnetic fields) in the direction of the move in a straight direction all the time.

• circular polarization
A wave of harmonic polarization circle on a point if the electric field (magnetic fields) in the direction of the move in the direction of the coil as a function of time.

• ellipse polarization
A wave of harmonic polarization linear at a point if the electric field (magnetic fields) in the direction of the move formed Locus ellipse in the space coordinates.

10. Impedance Input
This parameter shows the ratio of voltage to the antenna terminal on the flow rate or electric field component of the magnetic fields on a point or value impedance existing antenna on it.

The Definition Antenna

Antenna is a metal device (in the form of a bar or wire) that functions to send and receive radio waves. Antenna is the tool to emit radiation or receive radio waves [IEEE Standard Definition]. Based on two standard definition above, an antenna is a conductor or a conductor group, which is responsible for radiating energy electromagnetic radiation into the air and free to collect (receive) electromagnetic energy from another free air.

Antenna change electrical energy from a transmitter into the system of energy and emit electromagnetic radiation into the air. Conversely, an antenna gathered energy electricity will be distributed to the recipient's system. Free air known as the air interface.

How does the antenna?
Radiation is a disturbance that occurred in the electromagnetic field which propagates out from the source of interference. Interference itself derived from sources that flow changed in that time has accelerated the flow of distribution. An electric current or static electric current that moves with constant speed in the straight channel transmission can not emit radiation.

However, a flow that moves with constant speed can be experienced on the radiation conditions below:
• meet the end of the channel transmission.
• find a channel transmission, which trap.
• transmission lines have shaped curve.
• transmission lines to meet the discontinue.
Meanwhile, a flow that can emit radiation accelerated despite creeping through the transmission lines straight.

Topology Network Computer

Topology network computer is a physical representation of a computer network. In some workstation computer network that will be installed to connect to other computers by using the transmission media. Therefore topology of the network computer is a physical representation of how a computer network constructions . The topology Linear is the primary computer bus topology, Star topology and Ring topology.

Linear Bus topology
Topology is the most simple topology compared with the other. This topology cable who requires only a relatively short order and wired also very simple. Besides, it is also easy to be developed. This network basically consists of several bus, which was installed in the cable together. Network topology with this damage will occur if the diagnosis difficult. In addition, the bus will bear the full burden when network traffic is very solid.


Star topology
Topology is often called star topology because it has a central hub. From the central hub in the form of concentrator is the server, node, or workstation connected. Contact all the tools to do it with the media transmission cable. Ordering cable also relatively easy to modify. However, this cable system with the necessary relatively higher than topology, the topology of the investment will be more expensive. Also still needed a concentrator as a central hub. One of the losses Star topology is broken when the concentrator, the network will not function properly.



Ring topology
Topology is using techniques that shaped ring (ring). So as the circle without end, as the ring properly. With topology workstation and server is connected with a circle (ring) on a media transmission. Use cable in the topology is also relatively short, so will be cheaper. Same as Linear Bus topology, when the network is damaged it will be difficult to diagnose.

Basic Computer Networks

Computer network in principle is the relationship between several computers that allow the occurrence of communication between the computer. Local computer network (LAN), Wide Area Networks (WAN) that links between countries. Communication can be done in various forms such as file transfer, access and the others.

The functions of the computer network is as follows:

1. Share data.
The data contained on one computer can also be used or processed by other computers. With the network system, it can easily computer that a mutual exchange data with other computers. Examples to copy MP3 files from other computers.

2. Software share.
The program is available on one computer can also be used by other computers. With the share of the software, allows all computers connected in one program.

3. Resources share.
The use of hardware together so that the installation does not require any hardware to each computer unit. For example is the use of the printer, scanner or camera.

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