INTELSAT Satellite

INTELSAT Satellite was first launched on 28 June 1965, which was placed in geostationary orbit over the Atlantic ocean. Lunch and operated as the orbit Early Phase (LEOP) headquartered in Washington DC. To access the INTELSAT satellite, INTELSAT has the characteristics that vary for each earth station with the station type:


Standard A has a nominal G / T 35.0 dB / K and the operating frequency band at 6 / 4 GHz for international service.

Standard B has a nominal G / T 31.7 dB / K and the operating frequency band at 6 / 4 GHz for international service.

Standard C has a nominal G / T 37.0 dB / K and frequency bands operating in the 14/11 or 14/12 GHz GHz for international service.

Standard E, the Standard E-1 has a nominal G / T 25.0 dB / K, Standard E-2 has a nominal G / T 29.0 dB / K, Standard E-3 has a nominal G / T 34.0 dB / K and the operating frequency band at 14 / 11 GHz or 14/12 GHz for services to Intelsat Business Services (IBS), Intermediate Data Rates (IDR) international, Internet Trunking Service (ITS) and VSAT. using Turbo coding with QPSK / OQPSK (Standard E-1).

Standard F, Standard M-1 has a nominal G / T 22.7 dB / K, Standard F-2 has a nominal G / T 27.0 dB / K, Standard M-3 has a nominal G / T 29.0 dB / K and the operating frequency in the band 6 / 4 GHz for services to Intelsat Business Services (IBS), Intermediate Data Rates (IDR) international, Internet Trunking Service (ITS) and Turbo coding using VSAT with QPSK / OQPSK (Standard F-1).

Standard G, does not have a specific G / T segment for satellite Internet access services to domestic and international. This standard allows the use of the G modulation techniques and access to other, that is not in the Standard A and M and only the general characteristics of the RF limits.

Standard H, Standard H-2 has a nominal G / T 15.1 dB / K, Standard H-3 has a nominal G / T 18.3 dB / K, Standard H-4 has a nominal G / T 22.1 dB / K and the operating frequency in the band 6 / 4 GHz for services to Intelsat Business Services (IBS), Intelsat DAMA, the Internet Trunking Service (ITS) and Turbo coding using VSAT with QPSK / OQPSK.

Standard K, K-2 Standard has a nominal G / T 19.8 dB / K, K-3 standards have nominal G / T 23.3 dB / K, and in the operating frequency band, 14/11 or 14/12 GHz for services to Intelsat Business Services (IBS), the Internet Trunking Service (ITS) and Turbo coding using VSAT with QPSK / OQPSK.

Increasing Capacity In The System Cellular

There are several ways to increase the capacity of the system cellular.

Using Frequency reuse
Dense population of cells to be overloaded with the relocation frequency of cells that are not overloaded.

Conducting Cell-Splitting
Cells with dense population is doing cell splitting into several new cells into a new cluster of small to add more capacity. This is done by making changes in the parameters of the transmission link budget recalculate and also make a new design for the antenna height of the BTS.
Two types of cell splitting:
• Permanent Splitting: Cell of the permanent, it must be done to the planning cooked to the following matters:
1. The number of channel
2. Power transmitter
3. The frequency allocated
4. Determination of Cell Site
5. Traffic load
• Dynamic Splitting: This technique is also referred to as the "Real-time splitting" because cell division is done only at the time it needed to overcome the traffic density that is temporary

Conducting Sectoring
Dividing cells become sectors, usually 3 sectors (each 120 °) or 6 sectors (each 60 °). Each sector will be served by a directional antenna and the frequency varies. Interesting directional antenna to reduce co-channel, which makes a smaller cluster with a larger capacity.

Interference On Radio Waves

Communications that occur in the sellular using radio waves. Radio communication utilizing electromagnetic waves in the transmission of data on the air interface. The data is passed over the interface is not always accepted in the Receiver intact, but the data will have a disability.

Likewise for the transmission of the signal (the conversation) in the water interface will have several obstacles that lead to sound/voice can not be accepted by both.
Constraints in the transmission of signals that there may be caused by:

Pathloss
Decrease the signal strength that occurs depending on the distance between the transmitter and Receiver. So that MS is beyond the reach of the BTS.

Time Alligment
Time used for the transmission of MS signals that are influenced by distance from the BTS to MS.

Rayleigh Fading
Interference signal reception / signal caused by the weak signals received are some signals that the reflection from the nearest object and not a signal that is received directly.

Time Dispersion
Transmission constraints that occur when the digital signal to reach the same Receiver in a different time because there is a rebound occurs that causes a signal not synchronized.

The Beautiful Fountain

This is a very beautiful place, where we can see the water fountain unique. That all people can see the image directly but through this we can see, although not directly to the place. I may never be able to go to a beautiful place, as far away and required a lot of money to go. Also, some people may have to go to that place for a vacation to enjoy the scenery beautiful fountain.

This fountain is located in Tivoli












This fountain is located in Barcelona











This fountain is located in Tivoli













Maybe one day I will go see a fountain that is beautiful.

Wireless Application Protocol

Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is international open standard for applications that use wireless communication. The main objective to build applications that can access the Internet from the phone handheld or Personal Digital Asistant (PDAs). With the WAP users can use cellular to access the Internet and obtain facilities from each mobile phone.

Opening page site, to view information such as the exchange of information or news, weather, e-mail, even to conduct financial transactions. There are several versions of WAP, among others, WAP 2.0 and 1.2.1. WAP 1.2.1 can only be page displays only simple compared with the WAP 2.0 support language XHTML (extensible hypertext markup language) and image.

WAP in a the first time as a communications protocol that move does not depend on the system certain. WAP is designed as part of the system in the future as well as Bluetooth and GPRS. WAP is a communications protocol that consists of moving several layers and can be run on a different network system.


WAP working with almost the same way the Internet works now. Required WAP gateway to bridge the mobile phone with Internet data and send in receive data. This is the same case with PC users (Personal Computer) that require ISPs (Internet Service Provider) as the gateway to bridge the PC with the Internet. Besides, mobile phone, which is also used to be WAP-enabled, namely is equipped with WAP technology that can be used to access the Internet, mobile phones and card-or SIM cards (Subscriber Identity Module) from operator of cellular telecommunications facilities that provide services to General Packet Radio Services (GPRS)

Parameters Antenna

Parameters of the antenna used to describe a performance antenna. Parameters of the antenna can be related to each other when someone wants to design an antenna, although not all parameters must be considered in depth. Type of antenna parameters include:

1. Radiation Pattern
Radiation pattern is a graphical representation of electricity and magnetic field in the space coordinates. In many cases, the pattern radiation specified in the region and far-field is represented as a function of directional coordinates.
Radiation types:

• Isotropic
Antenna radiation pattern ideal lossless or radiation that direction is the same to all (shaped like a ball). Radiation patterns such as this are usually used as a reference antenna with the unit of measurement dBi.

• Directional
Radiation pattern that is better for a particular direction (for unidirectional and bidirectional one direction to two directions).

• Omnidirectional
The directional radiation pattern, but all the same to the direction (the vertical axis there is no antenna radiation). Radiation pattern is shaped like a sinker. Radiation pattern like this used to broadcast communications.

2. Radiation intensity
Parameters comparison shows that the antenna power by the radiation emanating from an antenna per unit solid angle.

3. Directional
Parameters that indicate the value gain directive on the maximum. In a certain direction, the gain directivity comparison radiation intensity in the direction compared with the intensity radiation antenna references.

4. Gain
Parameters which indicate the ratio of power on the antenna of the antenna with a power reference. Relations between the directivity and gain can be written as follows: G = μD, where the G (Gain), D (Directivity) and μ (the ratio of the intensity of radiation).

5. Antenna efficiency
Consider the efficiency of the antenna total loss that occurs in the input terminals and an antenna inside the structure loss like this can happen because:
• reflection result does not match the transmission channel and antenna.
• Loss conduction and dielectric.

6. Half Power Beam Width (HPBW)
HPBW is the angle between two directions of radiation from half the intensity of the beam maximum value. If converted in dB, the value of HPBW obtained when the power down 3dB.

7. Efficiency beam
This parameter is often used to determine the quality of transmitting and receiving antenna. Efficiency is the ratio of beam power that emanated (received) in the cone angle compared with the power that emanated (accepted) by the antenna.

8. Bandwidth
Bandwidth is the frequency range on both sides of the center frequency (resonance frequency of the dipole antenna), which characteristics of the antenna (impedance input, the radiation pattern, beam width, polarization, the side lobe level, gain, beam direction, the efficiency of radiation) is in the optimal value. Narrow band to this antenna. Meanwhile, for Broadband, the bandwidth is a comparison between the frequency up and down in frequency levels that can be accepted.

9. Polarization
Parameters which indicate that the wave dielectric radiation when the antenna work. When the direction of polarization is not mentioned, polarization in direction is considered the maximum gain. Kind of polarization:

• linear polarization
A wave of Harmonic linear polarization at a point if the electric field (magnetic fields) in the direction of the move in a straight direction all the time.

• circular polarization
A wave of harmonic polarization circle on a point if the electric field (magnetic fields) in the direction of the move in the direction of the coil as a function of time.

• ellipse polarization
A wave of harmonic polarization linear at a point if the electric field (magnetic fields) in the direction of the move formed Locus ellipse in the space coordinates.

10. Impedance Input
This parameter shows the ratio of voltage to the antenna terminal on the flow rate or electric field component of the magnetic fields on a point or value impedance existing antenna on it.

The Definition Antenna

Antenna is a metal device (in the form of a bar or wire) that functions to send and receive radio waves. Antenna is the tool to emit radiation or receive radio waves [IEEE Standard Definition]. Based on two standard definition above, an antenna is a conductor or a conductor group, which is responsible for radiating energy electromagnetic radiation into the air and free to collect (receive) electromagnetic energy from another free air.

Antenna change electrical energy from a transmitter into the system of energy and emit electromagnetic radiation into the air. Conversely, an antenna gathered energy electricity will be distributed to the recipient's system. Free air known as the air interface.

How does the antenna?
Radiation is a disturbance that occurred in the electromagnetic field which propagates out from the source of interference. Interference itself derived from sources that flow changed in that time has accelerated the flow of distribution. An electric current or static electric current that moves with constant speed in the straight channel transmission can not emit radiation.

However, a flow that moves with constant speed can be experienced on the radiation conditions below:
• meet the end of the channel transmission.
• find a channel transmission, which trap.
• transmission lines have shaped curve.
• transmission lines to meet the discontinue.
Meanwhile, a flow that can emit radiation accelerated despite creeping through the transmission lines straight.

Topology Network Computer

Topology network computer is a physical representation of a computer network. In some workstation computer network that will be installed to connect to other computers by using the transmission media. Therefore topology of the network computer is a physical representation of how a computer network constructions . The topology Linear is the primary computer bus topology, Star topology and Ring topology.

Linear Bus topology
Topology is the most simple topology compared with the other. This topology cable who requires only a relatively short order and wired also very simple. Besides, it is also easy to be developed. This network basically consists of several bus, which was installed in the cable together. Network topology with this damage will occur if the diagnosis difficult. In addition, the bus will bear the full burden when network traffic is very solid.


Star topology
Topology is often called star topology because it has a central hub. From the central hub in the form of concentrator is the server, node, or workstation connected. Contact all the tools to do it with the media transmission cable. Ordering cable also relatively easy to modify. However, this cable system with the necessary relatively higher than topology, the topology of the investment will be more expensive. Also still needed a concentrator as a central hub. One of the losses Star topology is broken when the concentrator, the network will not function properly.



Ring topology
Topology is using techniques that shaped ring (ring). So as the circle without end, as the ring properly. With topology workstation and server is connected with a circle (ring) on a media transmission. Use cable in the topology is also relatively short, so will be cheaper. Same as Linear Bus topology, when the network is damaged it will be difficult to diagnose.

Basic Computer Networks

Computer network in principle is the relationship between several computers that allow the occurrence of communication between the computer. Local computer network (LAN), Wide Area Networks (WAN) that links between countries. Communication can be done in various forms such as file transfer, access and the others.

The functions of the computer network is as follows:

1. Share data.
The data contained on one computer can also be used or processed by other computers. With the network system, it can easily computer that a mutual exchange data with other computers. Examples to copy MP3 files from other computers.

2. Software share.
The program is available on one computer can also be used by other computers. With the share of the software, allows all computers connected in one program.

3. Resources share.
The use of hardware together so that the installation does not require any hardware to each computer unit. For example is the use of the printer, scanner or camera.

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